-
Blau, J. L., The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala
in the Renaissance, (Port Washington, N. Y.: Kennikat Press, 1965)
-
Reuchlin, Johannes, de rudimentis hebraicis
(Pforzheim: Thomas Anshelm 1506)
-
Geiger, Ludwig, Das Studium der Hebräischen Spraches
in Deutschland vom Ende Des XV. bis zur Mitte des XVI. Jahrhunderts
(Breslau: Schletter'sche Buchhandlung, 1870)
-
Gesenius, William, Geschichte der hebräischen
Sprache (Leipzig: 1815) pp. 117f: "Seine (Reuchlin's) vornehmlich
auf Kimchi's Michlol gebaueten Rudimenta linguae hebraicae (1506)..."
References for Early
Printing of Kimhi Grammars and Lexicons
-
Amram = Amram, David Werner, The Makers of Hebrew
Books in Italy (Philadelphia, Julius H. Greenstone, 1909)
-
EncJd = Encylopedia Judaica>,
(Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972) Volume 8, article: "Incunabula"
-
Micro = Microfilm viewed personally
-
Prijs = Prijs, J. and B., Die Basler Hebräischen
Druke (1492-1866) (Olten and Frieiburg i. Br.: Urs Graf-Verlag,
1964)
-
seen = I have viewed the book personally
-
Stein = Steinschneider, M. Hebräische Bibliographie
-
Talmg = Talmage, Frank E., David Kimhi - The
Man and the Commentaries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1975) pp. 192, 207
-
Wolf = Wolf, Jo. Christoph, Bibliothecae Hebraeae
(Hamburg: Liebezeit, 1723) 4 volumes. Wolf lists other books, which I have
not added to the table because I have yet to find other suppporting evidence,
i.e.
-
1510 Mahalak Shebile Ha-daat of Moses Kimhi,
published by Andrea Chevilleri
-
1513 Sefer Hashorashim published by "Solymanni"
-
1529 Sefer Miklol published in Venice by Daviel
Bomberg
-
1531 Sefer Miklol published in Basle
Notes for "MARTIN
LUTHER'S USE OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE"
-
Luther to Johann Lang, May 29, 1522: Lexicon Hebraicon remitto,
sed illud primum, quod olim Erfordiae emeram ab initio; nam tuum propter
crebras annotationes pro mea teneo memoria, quamquam et istud alquot habeat,
quibus aegre careo, et tu illis non omnibus crede, aliquando enim divinavi.
(that is, I am sending a Hebrew lexicon: it is the first, which I obtained
while in Erfurt from the beginning; for I remember yours [Lang's "rudimentis
hebraicis" ?] because of the numerous notations, although this also has
some, for which I have no regret, and do not trust all of them...)WA
Br 2 pp. 547f.
(D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe;
Weimar, 1883ff - I will abbreviate in this way:
-
Weimar Gesamtausgabe = WA (when this appears
alone it refers to the General books)
-
WA BR = volumes of Letters:
-
WA TR = volumes of Table Talk
-
WA German Bible = volumes of his Biblical writings
in German)
-
Luther is reported to have received instruction from a Jewish
doctor [Euling, Karl (ed.), Chronik des Johan Oldecop (Tübingen:
Litterarischer Vereing in Stuttgart, 1891), p. 31: "Datmal was ein jude
to Rome, de het Jacob (von deme hadde Martinus erst ein weinich de hebraischen
sprake geleret, und de Jacop jude gaff sik for einen arsten ut,).
ALSO Tillmanns, Walter G., The World
and Men Around Luther (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House,
1959) p. 142: "During Luther's formative years, however, Lang [Johann]
spent a few years at the Wittenberg monastery where he instructed Luther
in Hebrew and Greek." Tillmanns does not indicate his sources for the view
that Lang instructed Luther in Hebrew.
-
Meissinger, Karl A., Luthers Exegese in der Frühzeit
(Leipzig: M. Heinsius Nachfloger, 1911) p. 69: "Luther hat also in seinem
Handexemplar der Vulgata zahlreiche Randverweise auf das Lexikon gebat,
die auf eine eigens zü diesem Zweck unternommene selfständige
Bearteitung desselben zurückgehen."
-
WA TR 1 p. 525: (from the first half of the
1530's) Wenn ich jünger wäre, so wollte ich diese Sprache learnen,
denn ohne sie kann man die h. Schrift nimmermehr recht verstehen …. Darum
haben sie recht gesagt: Die Ebräer trink aus der Vornquelle; die Griechen
aber aus den Wässerlin, die aus der Quell fliessen; die Lateinischen
aber aus der Pfutzen."
-
WA TR 1 p. 524: "Ich ," sprach D. M. L., "Kann
weder Griechische noch Ebräisch, ich will aber dennoch einem Ebräer
und Griechen ziemlich begegnen."
-
WA TR 1 p. 525 "Ich ben kein Ebräer nach
der Grammatica und Regeln, denn ich lasse mich nirgendan binden, sondern
ich gehe frei hindurch. Wenn einer gleich die Gabe der Sprachen hat, und
verstehet sie, doch kann er darum night eine in die ander so bald dringen
and wol verdolmetschen. Dolmetchen ist eine sonderliche Gnade und Gabe
Gottes."
-
WA TR 1 p. 525: "Am Abend S. Lorenzen, im Garten,
da M. Forstemius viel sagte vom Nutz and Herrlichkeit der ebräischen
Sprache, "die jetzt doch sehr verachtet würde, vielleicht aus einer
Impietät und gottlosem Wesen, oder aus Verzweifelung, daß man
daran verzagte; und gab für, man könnte sie am besten aus der
Grammatica lernen;" "da sprach D. M. L.: Die Phrases under Art zü
reden, und Construction, wie man die Worte zusammenfassen und reden soll,
das kann man nicht geben, noch einen lehren, denn die Construction ändert
oft die Bedeutung der Wort…. Ich habe mehr Ebräish gelernt, wenn ich
im Lesen einen Ort und Spruch gegen dem andern gehalten habe, denn wenn
ichs nur gegen der Grammatica gerichtet habe."
-
It is interesting to note that the arrangement and descriptions
of words in David Kimhi's Sefer Shorashim is ideally suited
to Luther's approach. I am not suggesting that Luther read Sefer
Shorashim, but he might have got a feeling for it through Reuchlin's
de
rudimentis hebraicis.
-
For example: Meissinger, Karl A., Luthers Exegese in
der Frühzeit (Leipzig: M. Heinsius Nachfolger, 1911). Under
the heading "Luthers hebräische Kenntnisse" (pp. 61f) Meissinger comments:
"Aber Luther hat auch wirklich Hebräisch getrieben Wir spüren
zwar davon in den frühen Kollegien positiv nicht viel..."
ALSO Raeder, Siegfried, Grammatica
Theologica, Studien zu Luthers Operationes in Psalmos, J. C. B.
Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen, 1977, p. 303: "Aber auch da, wo er sich
nicht veranlaßt sieht, die traditionelle lateinische Übersetzung
nach der hebräischen Quelle zu korrigieren, erschließt sich
ihm das volle Verständnis des Textes erst auf Grund eingehender Untersuchungen
der hebräischen Begrifflichkeit und Ausdrucksweise. So greift Luther
an vielen Stellen auf die Originalsprache des Alten Testaments zurück,
wo Exegeten wie Nikolaus von Lyra und Paulus von Burgos sich trotz ihrer
besseren Kenntnis des Hebräischen mit der Vulgata zufrieden geben."
-
WA BR 1 p. 370: "Mitto grammaticam Mose Kimhi,
donec aliam tu obtineas; haec mihi dono missa est ab Anshelmo Thoma" (that
is, I am sending the grammar of Moses Kimhi, until you obtain another.
This was given to me by Thomas Anshelm)
-
WA TR 1 p. 525: "Lyra is fur andern der beste
Ebräer gewest, und ein fleissiger Dolmetscher des alten Testaments.
Wenn ich wiederum wollte in der ebraischen Sprache studieren, so wollte
ich die reinsten und besten Grammaticos fur mich nehmen und lesen, als,
David Kimchi, Mose Kimchi, welche die reinesten sind;…"
-
Reuchlin, Johannes, de rudimentis hebraicis
(Pforzheim: Thomas Anshelm, 1506) p. 557.
-
WA Bible 3, p. 574 This appears in the "Protokoll
und handscrifliche Einträge to Psalm CXXVII": "Rabbi Kimchi est deus
Rabinorum."
-
WA Bible 3, p. 543. Under "Protokoll und handschriftliche
Einträge to Psalm XLVIII": "Kimchi is Jung, Lyra hat in nicht gesehen.
Rabi Salomon hat er gesehen." In the note to line 29/30 "ist der beste
durch Strich zu Kimchi Z. 28"
-
WA 38, p. 9: "das wir so frey an vielen orten
von den buchstaben gangen sind, zu weilen auch anderm verstand gefolget
denn der Juden Rabini und Grammatici leren, Wollen wir hiemit ursachen
anzeigen und mit etlichen Exempeln verkleren, auff das sie sehen, wie wire
nicht aus unverstand der sprachen noch aus unwissen der Rabinen glosen
sondern wissentlich und williglich so zu dolmetschen furgenomen haben."
-
For the influence of Rashi upon Nicolaus von Lyra see: Siegfried,
C., "Raschi's Einfluss auf Nicolaus von Lira und Luther: in der Auslegung
der Genesis" in Archiv für Wissenschaftliche Erforschung des
Alten Testaments, Halle, volume 1, (1869) pp. 428-456 and volume
2, (1871) pp. 39-65
-
Joseph, Meister, Psalms with commentary of Rabbi David
Kimhi, (Bologna [?]: ,1477)
-
Reuchlin, Johannes, de rudimentis hebraicis
(Pforzheim: Thomas Anshelm, 1506) p. 612
-
Freier, Moritz, Luthers Bußpsalmen und Psalter,
Kritische Untersuchung nach Jüdischen und Lateinischen Quellen
(Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1918) p. 119: "Wir glauben,
gezeigt zu haben, daß Luther in seiner Psalmenübersetzung in
reichem Maße aus jüdischen Quellen geschöpft hat. Und das
will sagen, daß die gesamte Quellenforschung über Luthers Bibelübersetzung
im Alten Testament einer Neuorientierung bedarf.".
-
Pahl, Theodor, Quellenstudien zu Luthers Psalmenübersetzung
(Weimar: Harmann Bölaus Nachfolger, 1931)
-
Quellenstudien zu Luthers Psalmenübersetzung
(Weimar: Harmann Bölaus Nachfolger, 1931) p. 128: "Ich glaube nicht,
dass hier schon jüdische Kommentare herangezogen sind. Jedenfalls
ist auch die Überstetzung der Stelle, die für M. Freier "schlagender
Beweis" dafür ist, daß "bereits 1524 ein Jüdischer Kommentar
unmittelbar benutzt worden ist" (Freier S. 6 und 107), Ps. 38,8., auf Grund
der von mir angewendeten Arbeitsmethode ohne Berufung auf David Kimchis
Psalmenkommentar bequem qu erklären."
Notes for Conrad
Pellican
-
Nestle, Eberhard, Conradi Pellicani, de modo legendi
et intelligendi Hebraeum, Deutschland's erstes Lehr- Lese- und Wörterbuch
der hebräischen Sprache, verfasst in Tübingen 1501, gedruckt
in Strassburg, 1504, (Tübingen: J. J. Heckenhauer, 1877)
-
Vulpinus, Das Hauschronik, 23: "1501 vollendete
ich auch eine hebräische Grammatik, soweit der Stoff in den drei Bruchstücken
Kimchis, die ich ganz abgeschrieben hatte, enthalten war. Ich besass nur
die deutsche Übersetzung,…"
-
the basic dependence of Pellican upon Moses Kimhi is displayed
in: Silberstein, Emil, Conrad Pellicanus - Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte
des Studiums der hebräischen Sprache in der ersten Hälfte des
XVI. Jahrhunderts. (Berlin: Mayer u. Müller, 1900)
also Dr. N. Porges of Leipzig who criticizes Silberstein's
book quite severely in a review in:
Zeitschrift für Hebräische
Bibliographie, Jahrgang IV, 1900, emphasizes this dependence as
well.
-
Conrad Pellican, ed., Hebraicum Psalterium,
with a small Hebrew grammar written by Wolfgang Capito, (Basel: Jo. Froben,
1516)
-
Vulpinus, Die Hauschronik, pp. 48f
Riggenbach, Das Chronikon, p. 46: "…versus
Tubingam ad Ulmam, ubi Provincialem inveniebam; ibi habita otii oportunitate,
rescripsi hebraica quaedam, de gratia et communicatione optimi Cantoris
Ulmensis, domini libro radicum R. Davidis Kimhi, et fragmentum grammaticae
cuiusdam elegantis, quae incipiebat de artificiosa conjugatione verborum,
cum varietate verborum, et formarum, simul quoque regularum, per omnes
ordines et modos."
-
Vulpinus, Die Hauschronik, 53
Notes for Moses
Kimhi's Mahalak Shebile Ha-daat
-
I refer to the following editions of Moses Kimhi's grammar:
-
Mahalak Shebile Ha-daat, Eli Levita, ed., (Pesaro,
1508)
-
In Introductorio Grammaticae, (Hagenau: Thomas
Anshelm, 1519) and
-
Rudimenta Hebraica Mosche Kimhi (J. Böschenstein,
1520)
-
There are difficulties in translating Moses Kimhi's Hebrew
into English. The word I have translated "noun" is the word used for "name"[shem].
I have chosen "noun" as the translation because that is what we would expect
in English. Yet it is not an equivalent because the word used in Hebrew
includes not only the substantive, but also the attribute, the adjective
and the numeral.
Notes for David
Kimhi's Sefer Miklol and Sefer Hashorashim
-
I have used two editions of Sefer Miklol:
-
Qimhi, Dawid, Sefer Miklol, (Venice: Daniel
Bomberg, 1544)
-
Kimhi, David, Sefer Miklol, (Lyck: Isaac ben
Aaron of Rittenberg, 1842)
-
all words in square brackets [ ] are my additions to clarify
some of Kimhi's words or references.
-
Two authors who have focussed their attention on David Kimhi's
Sefer Miklol are Isaac Tauber and William Chomsky.
Tauber, Isaac, Standpunkt und Leistung des
R. David Kimchi als Grammatiker (Breslau: Dissertation, 1867).
Tauber provides a summary and overview of Sefer Miklol and
investigates the grammatical section in some detail. While Tauber does
not provide a detailed translation of Kimhi's work, he does make page references
from Sefer Miklol and gives excerpts in Hebrew.
Tauber's dissertation was criticized by M. Steinschneider
in Hebr. Bibl. X, p. 110: "Weniger befriedigend is Tauber's
arbeit über David Kimchis Standpunkt und Bedeutung, die, wiewohl ihr
Fleiss nicht abzuspreachen ist, zu sehr in's Einzelne gehend, kein klares
Bild entwirft…"
Chomsky, William, David Kimhi's Hebrew Grammar (Michlol),
part 1, (Philadelphia: Dropsie College, 1933) - 120 pages. This
was republished in expanded form in 1952 as:
Chomsky, William, David Kimhi's Hebrew Grammar
(Mikhlol), (New York: Bloch Publishing, 1952)
Chomsky translated only the introduction to Sefer
Miklol word for word. He considered Sefer Miklol
of merit considering the year in which it was written, but found it's organization
confusing for those acquainted with contemporary Hebrew grammar.
In the 1933 version, p. 2, Chomsky explains his goal
to "recast the entire material and to reorganize it in the order and in
the terms of modern grammatical work"
-
I have used two editions of this book:
-
Qimhi, Dawid, Sefer Ha-shorashim, (Venice:
Daniel Bomberg, 1529)
-
Biesenthal, J. H. R. and Lebreacht, F., Rabbi Davidis
Kimchi Radicum Liber sive Hebraeum Bibliorum Lexicon cum animadversionibus
Eliae Levitae, (Berlin: Bethge, 1847)
-
Authors who have examined the Bomberg Bible of 1517 and have
either made no comment about the special page of anti-Christian commentary
by Rabbi David Kimhi, or have said that the comments were omitted [I have
added the underlines gl] :
-
Bosniak, J. B. The Commentary of David Kimhi on the
Fifth Book of the Psalms CVII-CL, (New York: The Jewish Seminary
of America, 1954) p. 32: "In the edition of 1517, the statement was entirely
omitted by the printer"
-
Ginsburg, C. D., Introduction to the Massoretico-critical
Edition of the Hebrew Bible (London: Trinitarian Bible Society,
1897). Ginsburg makes no reference to the unusual page of anti-Christian
polemics which is placed in some 1517 Bibles between Psalms and Proverbs.
-
Kahle, P., Zwei durch Humanisten besorgt,...and a Tretise
on the Oldest Manuscripts makes no reference to the special page.
-
Steinschneider, M., Catalogus Librorum Hebraeorum in bibliotheca
Bodleiana, Berlin, Friedlaender, 1852-60, p. 871: "...praeter loca antichristian,
quae etiam in ed. 1517 omissa." (that is, anti-Christian places,
which were omitted in the 1517 edition...)
-
Wolf, J. C., Bibliotheca Hebraea, Hamburg, Liebezeit, 1723,
volume II, p. 367: "ex Rabbinorum commentariis ea omnia esse eliminata,
quae doctrinae Christianae fraudi esse poterant" (that is, all comments
against Christian doctrine removed)
-
Finch, R. G. and Box, G. H., The Longer Commentary
of R. David Kimhi on the First Book of Psalms (London: Society
For Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919) (New York: The MacMillan Company,
1919), p. 2, footnote 5: "These expressions refer mainly to the descriptive
designations used in the various superscriptions of the Psalms, and mean
respectively "glory"..."stringed instruments" or "music," "song," "psalm"..."praise"
"maskil," "praise," "prayer," "blessing," "thanksgiving."
-
Psalms 1-8 are translated into English in: Greenup, A. W.,
The
Commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi on the Book of Psalms (London:
Palestine House, Hackney, 1918)
Psalms 1-10, 15-17, 19, 22 and 24 are translated
into English in: Finch, R. G. and Box, G. H., The Longer Commentary
of R. David Kimhi on the First Book of Psalms (London: Society
For Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919) (New York: The MacMillan Company,
1919)
Psalms 120-150 are translated into English in: Baker,
Joshua and Nicholson, Ernest W., The Commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi
on Psalms CXX-CL (Cambridge: University Press, 1973)
Psalm 110 is translated in this work.
total 48 Psalms of 150
-
Kimhi provided no verse numbers. I have underlined the Biblical
text which Kimhi quotes and have used primarily the Authorized ("King James")
Version, except for places where I thought it important to follow Kimhi's
exact word choice
-
See "Jerome, Saint"(c. 347-c. 420), in Encyclopaedia Britannica
1969, Volume 12. Kimhi uses "Jromlis" for Jerome in Psalm 1477, "Jrolmis"
in 1487 and "Jrolmis" in 1517
-
Egli, Emil, "Zwingli als Hebräer" in Zwingliana,
Band I, pp. 153-8
-
Corpus Reformatorum, volume 94, Huldreich
Zwinglis Sämtliche Werke (Leipzig: Nachfolger, 1911), Band
VII, p. 345 (Zwingli to Oswald Myconius, July 24, 1520)
-
Two years later (March 25, 1522) he sent a message to Conrad
Pellican through Beatus Rhenanus to say that he had begun Hebrew again:
Zwinglis Werke Band VII (Corpus Reformatorum
Volume 94) (Leipzig: Nachfolger, 1911) p.497: "Pelicano, posteaquam salutaveris,
refer, orsum nos esse Hebraicas literas." (which means, "Greet Pellican
and say that we have begun Hebrew")
-
Böschenstein is somewhat a man of mystery in that he
is known often as Johannes but here as Andreas. Yet he would appear to
be the same Böschenstein who wrote the "Rudimenta Hebraica Mosche
Kimhi" which is listed in my list of Early Printing of Kimhi Grammars and
Lexicons under the date 1520. This identification of Böschenstein
is confirmed by Heinrich Bullinger in Reformationsgeschichte
(Frauenfeld: Ch. Beyel, 1838), Band I, p. 30
What deepens the mystery is that Ludwig Geiger could
find no information on Johannes Böschenstein after his dismissal from
Wittenberg in 1519.
The Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem:
Keter Publishing, 1972), in an article: "Boeschenstein, Johann" considers
him to be the same man who taught Hebrew in Wittenberg and Zürich
and who published the 1520 Moses Kimhi grammar.
-
Huldreich Zwinglis Sämtliche Werke, Band
VIII (Leipzig: Nachfolger, 1914), the Latin of the letter of Zwingli to
Pellican translates as: "The arrangement is really this: every day you
read some certain measure in Hebrew - we are beginning Exodus now; beyond
this no heavy responsibilities await you. the annual stipend is equal to
mine: 60 or 70 florins or maybe 80, a fine home and the greatest of opportunities;…"
-
Jackson, Samuel Macauley, Huldreich Zwingli the Reformer
of German Switzerland 1484-1531 (New York and London: G. P. Putman's
Sons, 1901 [reissued 1972] p. 293
Also Newman, Louis Israel, Jewish Influences
on Christian Reform Movements (New York: Columbia University Press,
1966) pp. 455-505
-
Biblia Sacrae scripturae veteris novaeque omni - (Venice:
Aldus, 1518) per
Künzli, Edwin, "Quellenproblem und mysticher Schriftsinn
in Zwinglis Genesis - und Exoduskommentar" in Zwingliana,
Band 9, pp. 187ff
-
Zwinglis Werke, Band XIII, p. 483: Erunt in
hominibus et iumentis ulcera et vesicae turgentes in universa terra Aegypti".
Erbraei dicunt: "schihon ababenoth" [Zwingli also writes the Hebrew characters]
quorum alterum ulcus, alterum bullam aut inflationem significat. Derivatur
autem vox posterior a "bieh", [also in Hebrew characters] quod bullas in
aquis proiicere aut conflare significat, quod a fervore fieri scribit Rabi
David Kimhi."
The commentary from David Kimhi himself to Exodus 9, verse
9 [slight difference in numbering] reads:
A sore breaking forth blisters. as in:
[Isaiah 64:1] "The fire causes the waters to boil". It means that the fire
makes the waters boil and because the waters boil bubbles rise up.
-
Köhler, Walther, "Huldrych Zwinglis Bibliothek", Neujahrsblatt
auf das Jahr 1921, (Zürich: Beer & Co., 1921)
Notes for Eli Levita
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Jacob ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah's Introduction
to THE RABBINIC BIBLE, Hebrew and English; with Explanatory notes, first
published 1867, republished with new material, 1968 - the section entitled
"Life of Elias Levita"
-
An excellent overview of the life and works of Eli Levita is provided
by: Weil, Gérard, E. Élie Lévita, Humaniste et Massorète
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963). The remarkable extent of Weil's portrayal
of Levita's life and the extensive materials about Levita's works are essential
to this study.
-
Weil, Élie Lévita, p 4.
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical
Edition of the Hebrew Bible, (London: Trinitarian Bible Society,
1897) pp. 925ff
-
Weil, Élie Lévita, pp. 104-5
-
Amram, David W., The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy (London: Holland
Press, 1963) p. 198
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Jacob ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah's Introduction
to THE RABBINIC BIBLE, Hebrew and English; with Explanatory notes, first
published 1867, republished with new material, 1968 - pp. 67-8 (Ginsburg
quotes from Introduction III to the Tishbi)
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Jacob ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah's Introduction
to THE RABBINIC BIBLE, Hebrew and English; with Explanatory notes, first
published 1867, republished with new material, 1968 p. 70
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Jacob ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah's Introduction
to THE RABBINIC BIBLE, Hebrew and English; with Explanatory notes, first
published 1867, republished with new material, 1968 p. 72
-
translated: Rabbi David Kimhi, Book of Roots or Hebrew Lexicon
of the Bible, with observations of Eli Levita
-
Ginsburg, Christian D., Jacob ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah's Introduction
to THE RABBINIC BIBLE, Hebrew and English; with Explanatory notes, first
published 1867, republished with new material, 1968 pp. 80 ff.
-
Amram, The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy, pp. 211ff. Amram provides
the Italian version of the letter as a footnote to his English translation
-
Amram, The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy, p. 202 footnote
-
Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House Ltd., Jerusalem,
1971, volume 11, p. 133